@article{ref1,
title="Sandbagging on the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) in a high school athlete population",
journal="Archives of clinical neuropsychology",
year="2017",
author="Higgins, Kathryn L. and Denney, Robert L. and Maerlender, Arthur",
volume="32",
number="3",
pages="259-266",
abstract="The Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) is a computerized neuropsychological test battery commonly used to assess cognitive functioning after a concussion. It is recommended that application of ImPACT utilizes a baseline administration so athletes have an individualized baseline with which to compare post-injury results should they sustain a concussion. It has been suggested that athletes may provide suboptimal effort, called &quot;sandbagging,&quot; in order to return to their baseline cognitive scores, and thus to play, more quickly. This research examines ImPACT baseline scores when high school athletes were asked to attempt to &quot;sandbag,&quot; and compares those scores with scores obtained when they were asked to give their &quot;best effort.&quot; Fifty-four high school student athlete volunteers participated in the study. In contrast to previous research that just looked at the cut-score invalidity indicators built into ImPACT, this research developed a regression equation to predict sandbagging. A logistic regression equation developed with four variables that demonstrated the largest effect size between &quot;best effort&quot; and &quot;sandbagged&quot; baselines showed a 99.7% classification accuracy for the &quot;best effort&quot; and &quot;sandbag&quot; groups.<br><br>© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0887-6177",
doi="10.1093/arclin/acw108",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acw108"
}