@article{ref1,
title="Utility of providing a concussion definition in the assessment of concussion history in former NFL players",
journal="Brain injury",
year="2017",
author="Alosco, Michael L. and Jarnagin, Johnny and Tripodis, Yorghos and Martin, Brett and Chaisson, Christine and Baugh, Christine M. and Torres, Alcy and Nowinski, Christopher J. and Cantu, Robert C. and Stern, Robert A.",
volume="31",
number="8",
pages="1116-1123",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: Former National Football League (NFL) players' working knowledge of concussion has not yet been evaluated, despite this population being a major clinical research target due to the association between repetitive head impacts (RHI) and long-term clinical impairments. This study examined former NFL players' understanding of the current concussion definition, and the association between number of concussions with clinical function. <br><br>METHODS: 95 former NFL players (mean age = 55.29; mean NFL year = 8.10) self-reported number of concussions before being provided with a concussion definition and after being read a modern definition of concussion. Subjects reported number of concussions with loss of consciousness (LOC). Principal Component Analysis of a battery of tests generated behaviour/mood, psychomotor speed/executive function, and verbal and visual memory factor scores. <br><br>RESULTS: Post-definition number of concussions (median = 50) was five times the pre-definition (median = 10; p < 0.001). Greater pre- (p = 0.019) and post-definition concussions (p = 0.036) correlated with worse behaviour/mood scores, after controlling for years of football played, with specific effects for depressive symptoms and impulsivity. LOC did not account for variance beyond number of concussions. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Practitioners and clinical researchers should provide a definition of concussion in the assessment of concussion history in former football players to facilitate accuracy and standardization.  Keywords: American football<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0269-9052",
doi="10.1080/02699052.2017.1294709",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2017.1294709"
}