@article{ref1,
title="Current major depression is associated with greater sensitivity to the motivational effect of both negative mood induction and abstinence on tobacco-seeking behavior",
journal="Drug and alcohol dependence",
year="2017",
author="Hogarth, Lee and Mathew, Amanda R. and Hitsman, Brian",
volume="176",
number="",
pages="1-6",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Although depression and smoking commonly co-occur, the mechanisms underpinning this association are poorly understood. One hypothesis is that depression promotes tobacco dependence, persistence and relapse by increasing sensitivity to acute negative mood and abstinence induced tobacco-seeking behavior. <br><br>METHODS: Twenty nine daily smokers of >10 cigarettes per day, nine with major depression and 20 without, completed two laboratory sessions one week apart, smoking as normal prior to session 1 (sated session), and 6h abstinent prior to session 2 (abstinent session). In both sessions, tobacco-seeking was measured at baseline by preference to view smoking versus food images. Negative mood was then induced by negative ruminative statements and sad music, before tobacco-seeking was measured again at test. <br><br>RESULTS: In the sated session, negative mood induction produced a greater increase in tobacco choice from baseline to test in depressed (p<0.001, ηp(2)=0.782) compared to non-depressed smokers (p=0.045, ηp(2)=0.216, interaction: p=0.046, ηp(2)=0.150). Abstinence also produced a greater increase in baseline tobacco choice between the sated and abstinent sessions in depressed (p=0.002, ηp(2)=0.771) compared to non-depressed smokers (p=0.22, ηp(2)=0.089, interaction: p=0.023, ηp(2)=0.189). These mood and abstinence induced increases in tobacco choice were positively associated with depression symptoms across the sample as a whole (ps≤0.04, ηp(2)≥0.159), and correlated with each other (r=0.67, p<0.001). <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Current major depression or depression symptoms may promote tobacco dependence, persistence and relapse by increasing sensitivity to both acute negative mood and abstinence induced tobacco-seeking behavior. Treatments should seek to break the association between adverse states and smoking to cope.<br><br>Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0376-8716",
doi="10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.02.009",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.02.009"
}