@article{ref1,
title="The effects of age on crash risk associated with driver distraction",
journal="International journal of epidemiology",
year="2017",
author="Guo, Feng and Klauer, Sheila G. and Fang, Youjia and Hankey, Jonathan M. and Antin, Jonathan F. and Perez, Miguel A. and Lee, Suzanne E. and Dingus, Thomas A.",
volume="46",
number="1",
pages="258-265",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Driver distraction is a major contributing factor to crashes, which are the leading cause of death for the US population under 35 years of age. The prevalence of secondary-task engagement and its impacts on distraction and crashes may vary substantially by driver age.   Methods: Driving performance and behaviour data were collected continuously using multiple cameras and sensors in situ for 3542 participant drivers recruited for up to 3 years for the Second Strategic Highway Research Program Naturalistic Driving Study. Secondary-task engagement at the onset of crashes and during normal driving segments was identified from videos. A case-cohort approach was used to estimate the crash odds ratios associated with, and the prevalence of, secondary tasks for four age groups: 16-20, 21-29, 30-64 and 65-98 years of age. Only severe crashes (property damage and higher severity) were included in the analysis.   Results: Secondary-task-induced distraction posed a consistently higher threat for drivers younger than 30 and above 65 when compared with middle-aged drivers, although senior drivers engaged in secondary tasks much less frequently than their younger counterparts. Secondary tasks with high visual-manual demand (e.g. visual-manual tasks performed on cell phones) affected drivers of all ages. Certain secondary tasks, such as operation of in-vehicle devices and talking/singing, increased the risk for only certain age groups.   Conclusions: Teenaged, young adult drivers and senior drivers are more adversely impacted by secondary-task engagement than middle-aged drivers. Visual-manual distractions impact drivers of all ages, whereas cognitive distraction may have a larger impact on young drivers.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0300-5771",
doi="10.1093/ije/dyw234",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyw234"
}