@article{ref1,
title="Caustic ingestion in children-a review",
journal="Seminars in Pediatric Surgery",
year="2017",
author="Arnold, Marion and Numanoglu, Alp",
volume="26",
number="2",
pages="95-104",
abstract="Various domestic or industrial chemicals may cause significant upper aerodigestive tract burns. Preventive measures should be up-scaled, especially in the developing world, to reduce the epidemic of accidental victims, largely unsupervised preschool children. External signs do not predict degree of injury. Non-invasive diagnostic screening includes radio-nuclear imaging, but early oesophago-gastroduodenoscopy remains the standard to predict stricture formation from circumferential submucosal scarring. Serial dilation is the mainstay of oesophageal stricture therapy, with oesophageal replacement reserved for severe refractory strictures. Intra-lesional steroid or mitomycin C may decrease the dilatations required for severe strictures, although long-term effects are unknown. Risk of secondary oesophageal carcinoma mandates long-term surveillance.<br><br>Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1055-8586",
doi="10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2017.02.002",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2017.02.002"
}