@article{ref1,
title="The challenge of energy-efficient transportation",
journal="MRS energy and sustainability : a review journal",
year="2017",
author="Hermans, Jo",
volume="4",
number="",
pages="e2-e2",
abstract="The efficiencies of present-day modes of transportation are reviewed. Future sustainable options are discussed. Transportation takes about 20% of the energy use worldwide [1], and this figure is likely to increase. The fact that transportation requires some form of mobile energy storage makes this topic especially challenging for the post-fossil-fuel era. When looking at alternatives, we should realize that nothing matches the energy density of liquid fuels like gasoline or diesel, if the system as a whole is considered. It is, therefore, important to consider the efficiency of various modes of transportation. To assess the possibilities of improvements in efficiency, a brief introduction into the physics of transportation is given first. Subsequently, the efficiencies of present-day modes of transportation - cars, buses, trains, air transport, and bicycles - are reviewed. Finally, new technologies relying on biofuel, electricity, solar power, and hydrogen are discussed. © Materials Research Society 2017; published by Cambridge University Press. <br><br>KEYWORDS: Bicycles; Bicyclists; Bicycling<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2329-2229",
doi="10.1557/mre.2017.2",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mre.2017.2"
}