@article{ref1,
title="Bicyclist biomotion visibility aids: a 3D eye-tracking analysis",
journal="International journal of clothing science and technology",
year="2017",
author="Stapleton, Timothy and Koo, Helen Sumin",
volume="29",
number="2",
pages="262-269",
abstract="PURPOSE-The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of biomotion visibility aids for nighttime bicyclists compared to other configurations via 3D eye-tracking technology in a blind between-subjects experiment. <br><br>DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH-A total of 40 participants were randomly assigned one of four visibility aid conditions in the form of videos: biomotion (retroreflective knee and ankle bands), non-biomotion (retroreflective vest configuration), pseudo-biomotion (vertical retroreflective stripes on the back of the legs), and control (all-black clothing). Gaze fixations on a screen were measured with a 3D eye-tracking system; coordinate data for each condition were analyzed via one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc analyses with supplementary heatmaps. Post-experimental questionnaires addressed participants' qualitative assessments. <br><br>FINDINGS-Significant differences in eye gaze location were found between the four reflective clothing design conditions in X-coordinate values (p <0.01) and Y-coordinate values (p <0.05). Practical implications-This research has the potential to further inform clothing designers and manufacturers on how to incorporate biomotion to increase bicyclist visibility and safety. Social implications-This research has the potential to benefit both drivers and nighttime bicyclists through a better understanding of how biomotion can increase visibility and safety. <br><br>ORIGINALITY/VALUE-There is lack of literature addressing the issue of the commonly administered experimental task of recognizing bicyclists and its potential bias on participants' attention and natural driving state. Eye-tracking has the potential to implicitly determine attention and visibility, devoid of biases to attention. A new retroreflective visibility aid design, pseudo-biomotion, was also introduced in this experiment. <br><br>KEYWORDS: Bicycles; Bicyclists; Bicycling<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0955-6222",
doi="10.1108/IJCST-05-2016-0060",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJCST-05-2016-0060"
}