@article{ref1,
title="Head or brain injuries and Alzheimer's disease: a nested case-control register study",
journal="Alzheimer's and dementia",
year="2017",
author="Tolppanen, Anna-Maija and Taipale, Heidi and Hartikainen, Sirpa",
volume="13",
number="12",
pages="1371-1379",
abstract="INTRODUCTION: Many previous studies have been limited by self- or proxy-reported injury or short follow-up. We investigated whether head or brain injuries are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), possible modifying factors and dose-response relationship. <br><br>METHODS: Nested register-based case-control study of all community dwellers who received clinically verified AD diagnosis in Finland in 2005 to 2011 (n = 70,719) and one to four matched controls for each case (n of controls = 282,862). <br><br>RESULTS: The magnitude of association between hospital-treated head and/or brain injuries was strongly dependent on the lag time between exposure and outcome. With a 5-year lag time, head injury (adjusted odds ratio; 95% confidence interval 1.19; 1.15-1.23) or brain injury (1.23; 1.18-1.29) was associated with higher risk of AD. Dose-response relationship with number and severity of injuries was observed. Associations were stronger in those with earlier onset of AD. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Stronger associations with shorter lag times indicate that head and/or brain injuries may also reflect the ongoing AD disease process.<br><br>Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Inc.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1552-5260",
doi="10.1016/j.jalz.2017.04.010",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2017.04.010"
}