@article{ref1,
title="Effects of caffeine chewing gum on race performance and physiology in male and female cyclists",
journal="Journal of sports sciences",
year="2015",
author="Paton, Carl and Costa, Vitor and Guglielmo, Luiz",
volume="33",
number="10",
pages="1076-1083",
abstract="This investigation reports the effects of chewing caffeinated gum on race performance with trained cyclists. Twenty competitive cyclists completed two 30-km time trials that included a maximal effort 0.2-km sprint each 10-km. Caffeine (~3-4mg center dot kg(-1)) or placebo was administered double-blind via chewing gum at the 10-km point following completion of the first sprint. Measures of power output, oxygen uptake, heart rate, lactate and perceived exertion were taken at set intervals during the time trial. <br><br>RESULTS indicated no substantial differences in any measured variables between caffeine and placebo conditions during the first 20-km of the time trial. Caffeine gum did however lead to substantial enhancements (mean +/- 90% confidence limits (CLs)) in mean power during the final 10-km (3.8%+/- 2.3%), and sprint power at 30-km (4.0%+/- 3.6%). The increases in performance over the final 10-km were associated with small increases in heart rate and blood lactate (effect size of 0.24 and 0.28, respectively). There were large inter-individual variations in the response to caffeine, and apparent gender related differences in sprint performance. Chewing caffeine gum improves mean and sprint performance power in the final 10-km of a 30-km time trial in male and female cyclists most likely through an increase in nervous system activation.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0264-0414",
doi="10.1080/02640414.2014.984752",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.984752"
}