@article{ref1,
title="Why suicide? The analysis of motives for self-harm",
journal="Behavioural and cognitive psychotherapy",
year="2018",
author="Abbas, Mohammed J. and Mohanna, Mostafa A. and Diab, Tarig A. and Chikoore, Millicent and Wang, Michael",
volume="46",
number="2",
pages="209-225",
abstract="BACKGROUND: There is a gap in understanding the meaning and motives behind suicidal behaviour. Using the Ideal Type methodology, Jean Baechler systematically examined the internal logic of suicidal and self-harming behaviours. He developed a typology of eleven typical meanings/motives: Flight, Grief, Self-punishment, Vengeance, Crime, Blackmail, Appeal, Sacrifice, Transfiguration, Ordeal and Game. AIMS: To develop and validate a standardized instrument to measure the motives/meanings of suicidal and self-harming behaviours, using Baechler's typology. <br><br>METHOD: We developed a self-fill Likert questionnaire (Ideal Typical Meaning Questionnaire, ITMQ) covering ten of Baechler's eleven types. The questionnaire was completed by 147 patients within four weeks of attempting suicide or self-harm. The Death Attitude Profile-Revised (DAP-R) questionnaire was used to examine the concurrent validity of the Flight and the Transfiguration types and to explore the association between suicidal/self-harming motives and views about death. <br><br>RESULTS: The final 25-item ITMQ has an eight-factor structure (Appeal/Blackmail, Ordeal/Game, Vengeance, Self-punishment, Sacrifice, Flight, Grief and Transfiguration) supporting Baechler's theory. The types have adequate reliability. Correlations with the DAP-R gave some support for the concurrent validity of the Flight and Transfiguration types. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The ITMQ is a measure of suicidal and self-harming motives/meanings based on a sound conceptual framework and could significantly contribute to the understanding of suicidal and self-harming behaviour in research and clinical settings.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1352-4658",
doi="10.1017/S135246581700042X",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S135246581700042X"
}