@article{ref1,
title="Recent increases in cocaine-related overdose deaths and the role of opioids",
journal="American journal of public health",
year="2017",
author="McCall Jones, Christopher and Baldwin, Grant T. and Compton, Wilson M.",
volume="107",
number="3",
pages="430-432",
abstract="OBJECTIVEs. To assess trends in cocaine overdose deaths and examine the role opioids play in these deaths.<br><br>METHODS. We used data on drug overdose deaths in the United States from 2000 to 2015 collected in the National Vital Statistics System to calculate annual rates and numbers of cocaine-related overdose deaths overall and deaths both involving and not involving opioids. We assessed statistically significant changes in trends with joinpoint regression.<br><br>RESULTS. Rates of cocaine-related overdose deaths increased significantly from 1.26 to 2.50 per 100 000 population from 2000 to 2006, declined to 1.35 in 2010, and increased to 2.13 in 2015. Cocaine-related overdose deaths involving opioids increased from 0.37 to 0.91 from 2000 to 2006, declined to 0.57 in 2010, and then increased to 1.36 in 2015. Cocaine-related overdose deaths not involving opioids increased from 0.89 to 1.59 from 2000 to 2006 and then declined to 0.78 in 2015.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS. Opioids, primarily heroin and synthetic opioids, have been driving the recent increase in cocaine-related overdose deaths. This corresponds to the growing supply and use of heroin and illicitly manufactured fentanyl in the United States.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0090-0036",
doi="10.2105/AJPH.2016.303627",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303627"
}