@article{ref1,
title="Increased cerebrospinal fluid glutamine levels in depressed patients",
journal="Biological psychiatry",
year="2000",
author="Levine, J. and Panchalingam, K. and Rapoport, A. and Gershon, S. and McClure, Roderick John and Pettegrew, J. W.",
volume="47",
number="7",
pages="586-593",
abstract="BACKGROUND: There is increasing evidence for an association between alterations of brain glutamatergic neurotransmission and the pathophysiology of affective disorders. <br><br>METHODS: We studied the association between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) metabolites, including glutamine, in unipolar and bipolar depressed patients versus control subjects using a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique. Cerebrospinal fluid samples were obtained from 18 hospitalized patients with acute unmedicated severe depression without medical problems and compared with those of 22 control subjects. <br><br>RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the depressed patient group had significantly higher CSF glutamine concentrations, which correlated positively with CSF magnesium levels. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest an abnormality of the brain glial-neuronal glutamine/glutamate cycle associated with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor systems in patients with depression.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0006-3223",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}