@article{ref1,
title="Heroin in Malaysia and Singapore",
journal="Drug testing and analysis",
year="2018",
author="Sulaiman, Maimonah and Kunalan, Vanitha and Whei, Angeline Yap Tiong and Lee, Wendy Lim Jong and Yee, Joey Ng Joo and Xiong, Samuel Loh Wei and Bian, Chan Kee",
volume="10",
number="1",
pages="109-119",
abstract="Heroin clandestine laboratories have been a feature of the Malaysian illicit drug scene soon after the abuse of heroin emerged in 1972. The first few heroin clandestine laboratories which synthesised heroin via the acetylation of imported morphine were uncovered in 1973 and 1977. By the mid 1980s this type of laboratories was replaced by heroin cutting laboratories whereby imported high grade heroin was cut to street heroin. This was to meet the rising demand for the drug owing to the rapid escalation of the number of drug users. Over the years, the most significant change in the composition of the street heroin is the decrease in its purity from 30-50% to 3-5%. Caffeine has remained the major adulterant and chloroquine is detected in virtually all recent seizures.<br><br>This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1942-7603",
doi="10.1002/dta.2238",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dta.2238"
}