@article{ref1,
title="A multilevel analysis of risk and protective factors for Canadian youth injured or killed by interpersonal violence",
journal="Injury prevention",
year="2018",
author="Snider, Carolyn E. and Brownell, Marni and Dufault, Brenden and Barrett, Nicole and Prior, Heather and Cochrane, Carla",
volume="24",
number="3",
pages="199-204",
abstract="PURPOSE: The study's purpose was to determine individual-level and neighbourhood-level risk and protective factors for severe intentional injury among youth. <br><br>METHODS: We conducted a multilevel case-control study using registry data to determine individual-level and neighbourhood-level social determinants associated with severe violent injury/homicide among youth from Winnipeg, Manitoba. <br><br>RESULTS: The study includes 13 206 youth, aged 12-24 years (1222 cases, 11 984 controls). Individual-level risk predictors of being a victim of violence were male sex (OR 5.72 (95% CI 4.77 to 6.86)) and First Nations (OR 2.76 (95% CI 2.32 to 3.29)). Education was inversely associated with victimisation for individuals under (OR 0.36 (95% CI 0.26 to 0.51)) and over (OR 0.58 (95% CI 0.49 to 0.69)) 18 years. Ever having been in protective care (OR 1.66 (95% CI 1.39 to 1.99)), receiving income assistance from the government (OR 1.26 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.51)) or ever having criminal charges (OR 4.76 (95% CI 4.08 to 5.56)) were also significant predictors of being a victim of violence. Neighbourhood-level risk factors for victimisation included low socioeconomic status (OR 1.14 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.25)) and high levels of assault (OR 1.07 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.10)). <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates a complex web of risk and protective factors among youth injured by violence. It underscores the ongoing, injurious effects of historical trauma experienced by many Canadian First Nations people. Strong victim-perpetrator overlap suggests that intersectoral policies are needed to address these issues. Our findings highlight the need to improve education and family supports.<br><br>© Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1353-8047",
doi="10.1136/injuryprev-2016-042235",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2016-042235"
}