@article{ref1,
title="Substance use disorders and self- and other-directed violence among adults: results from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health",
journal="Journal of affective disorders",
year="2017",
author="Harford, Thomas C. and Yi, Hsiao-ye and Chen, Chiung M. and Grant, Bridget F.",
volume="225",
number="",
pages="365-373",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Previous studies have identified a violence typology of self- and other-directed violence. This study examines the extent to which substance use disorders (SUDs) as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), independent of serious psychological distress, major depressive episodes, assault arrest, and criminal justice involvement, are associated with these violence categories. <br><br>METHOD: Data were obtained from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) pooled across survey years 2008-2015, with a combined sample of 314,881 adult respondents. According to self-report data on suicide attempt (self-directed) and attacking someone with the intent for serious injury (other-directed), violence was categorized in four categories: none, self-directed only, other-directed only, and combined self-/other-directed. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate the adjusted odds ratios associated with the risk factors for different forms of violence. <br><br>RESULTS: Nicotine dependence and the number of DSM-IV SUDs criteria (except the criterion of legal problems) for alcohol, marijuana, and pain reliever use disorders are significantly associated with the self-/other-directed violence categories. LIMITATIONS: Cross-sectional data do not allow assessment of directionality of important factors. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The identification of the combined self- and other-directed violence among adults in the general population extends studies in the adolescent population, and significant correlation between self- and other-directed violence provides additional support for clinical studies that established this association. <br><br>FINDINGS expand the associated risk factors identified in previous studies for the adult population. Prevention and treatment programs need to address both forms of violence and suicidality.<br><br>Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0165-0327",
doi="10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.021",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.021"
}