@article{ref1,
title="Posttraumatic embitterment disorder and hwa-byung in the general Korean population",
journal="Psychiatry investigation",
year="2017",
author="Joe, Soohyun and Lee, Jung Sun and Kim, Seong Yoon and Won, Seung-Hee and Lim, Jong Seok and Ha, Kyoo Seob",
volume="14",
number="4",
pages="392-399",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: Posttraumatic embitterment disorder (PTED) is characterized by states of &quot;embitterment&quot;, characteristically similar to &quot;Hwa-byung&quot;, which is a Korean culture-bound syndrome. The present study aimed to assess diagnostic relationships between PTED and Hwa-byung. <br><br>METHODS: A total of 290 participants completed our survey. PTED and Hwa-byung were diagnosed using a diagnostic interview and scale. Scales for depression, suicide ideation, and anger were used for evaluation. Fisher's exact tests and Mann-Whitney U tests were performed to evaluate diagnostic overlap between PTED and Hwa-byung, and associations of scale scores for depression, suicide ideation, and anger between the PTED, Hwa-byung, and non-diagnosed groups. Associations of these scales between the depressive and non-depressive groups, and suicidal and non-suicidal groups were also evaluated. <br><br>RESULTS: Among the participants, 1.7% of the sample fit the diagnostic criteria for PTED and 2.1% fit the criteria for Hwa-byung. No individual fit the criteria for both. Anger scores were significantly higher in the Hwa-byung group than in the non-diagnostic group. There were not any significant differences in anger scores between the PTED and non-diagnostic groups. Depression scores were significantly higher in the PTED than in the non-diagnostic groups. In contrast, no significant differences were observed between depression scores in the Hwa-byung and non-diagnostic groups. <br><br>CONCLUSION: These results suggest that PTED may be a disorder category that is distinct from Hwa-byung.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1738-3684",
doi="10.4306/pi.2017.14.4.392",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.4306/pi.2017.14.4.392"
}