@article{ref1,
title="Repeated exposure to experimental pain differentiates combat TBI with and without PTSD",
journal="Journal of neurotrauma",
year="2018",
author="Strigo, Irina A. and Spadoni, Andrea D. and Inslicht, Sabra S. and Simmons, Alan N.",
volume="35",
number="2",
pages="297-307",
abstract="Mild traumatic brain injury(mTBI) and posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD) are highly comorbid conditions that often co-occur with chronic pain. We have shown that women with PTSD following intimate partner violence show attenuated brain response to repeated experimental pain that was related to symptoms of avoidance. The aim of this study was to extend our prior findings to males with combat trauma and to examine brain response to experimental pain in men with and without PTSD who sustained mTBI during combat. Seventy male Veterans performed an experimental pain paradigm during fMRI. Of the 70 total subjects, 46 self-reported a history of mTBI during combat(46/70). Of those with mTBI, 26 also met criteria for PTSD(26/46).  As in our prior study, we examined change in brain activity to repeated heat pain with linear mixed effects modeling for group by administration interaction effects. We observed a significant group by administration interaction to repeated heat pain within insular, frontal and parietal cortices such that the control group showed increased activation over time, while mTBI groups(mTBI-only, mTBI+PTSD) showed decreased activation within bilateral anterior insulas(AI) between administrations. Importantly, change in the right AI response was inversely correlated with avoidance symptoms, but only in those with co-morbid mTBI+PTSD. Furthermore, in the comorbid group greater AI attenuation was associated with decreased connectivity with anterior cingulate(ACC). The current study provides further evidence that repeated exposure to brief painful stimuli results in attenuation of insula activation over time in traumatized individuals. Furthermore, in PTSD, AI shows greatest attenuation in those with the highest level of avoidance - a finding that was replicated across diverse samples.  Thus, this mechanism may be a generalized mechanism of maladaptive response to experimental pain in those with significant trauma.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0897-7151",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}