@article{ref1,
title="What Is the Association Between Sports Participation and the Development of Proximal Femoral Cam Deformity? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis",
journal="American journal of sports medicine",
year="2015",
author="Nepple, Jeffrey J. and Vigdorchik, Jonathan M. and Clohisy, John C.",
volume="43",
number="11",
pages="2833-2840",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is recognized as a common cause of hip pain and intra-articular disorders in athletes. Studies have suggested a link between participation in athletics during adolescence and the development of cam-type deformities of the proximal femoral head-neck junction. <br><br>PURPOSE: To investigate the association of sporting activity participation during adolescence and the development of cam deformity. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review. <br><br>METHODS: The PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched to identify potential studies. Abstracts and manuscripts (when applicable) were independently reviewed by 2 reviewers. Nine studies met the inclusion criteria, including 8 studies that compared the prevalence of cam deformity in athletes with that in controls and 3 studies that compared the prevalence of cam deformity before and after physeal closure (2 with both). A meta-analysis was performed with pooling of data and random-effects modeling to compare rates of cam deformity between athletes and controls. <br><br>RESULTS: High-level male athletes are 1.9 to 8.0 times more likely to develop a cam deformity than are male controls. The pooled prevalence rate (by hip) of cam deformity in male athletes was 41%, compared with 17% for male controls. The pooled mean alpha angle among male athletes was 61°, compared with 51° for male controls. <br><br>CONCLUSION: Males participating in specific high-level impact sports (hockey, basketball, and possibly soccer) are at an increased risk of physeal abnormalities of the anterosuperior head-neck junction that result in a cam deformity at skeletal maturity.<br><br>&copy; 2015 The Author(s).<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0363-5465",
doi="10.1177/0363546514563909",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546514563909"
}