@article{ref1,
title="Traumatic victimization in childhood and persistent problems with oppositional-defiance",
journal="Journal of aggression, maltreatment and trauma",
year="2002",
author="Ford, Julian D.",
volume="6",
number="1",
pages="25-58",
abstract="A number of studies suggest similarities between the psychosocial impairment caused by traumatic victimization and the &quot;cascade&quot; (Patterson, 1993) of problems experienced by youths with severe and persistent problems with oppositional-defiance. Evidence indicating that traumatic victimization may be a factor in disruptive behavior disorders is reviewed.Apreliminary conceptual model is proposed as a basis for clinical and research hypothesis testing concerning the potential relationship between traumatic victimization and problematic oppositional-defiance. The model postulates a chronological sequence from (a) victimization in childhood, to (b) escalating dysregulation of emotion and social information processing (&quot;survival coping&quot;), to (c) severe and persistent problems with oppositional-defiance and overt or covert aggression which are compounded by post-traumatic symptoms (&quot;victim coping&quot;). Implications for diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and research are discussed.<p />",
language="",
issn="1092-6771",
doi="10.1300/J146v06n01_03",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J146v06n01_03"
}