@article{ref1,
title="Serum concentrations of two biochemical markers of brain tissue damage S-100B and neurone specific enolase are increased in elite female soccer players after a competitive game",
journal="British journal of sports medicine",
year="2006",
author="Stålnacke, B-m and Ohlsson, A. and Tegner, Y. and Sojka, P.",
volume="40",
number="4",
pages="313-316",
abstract="BACKGROUND: It is a matter of debate whether or not ordinary heading of the ball in soccer causes injury to brain tissue. <br><br>OBJECTIVE: To analyse concentrations of the biochemical markers of brain tissue damage S-100B and neurone specific enolase (NSE) in serum of female elite soccer players in association with a competitive game. <br><br>METHODS: Venous blood samples were obtained from 44 female soccer players before and after a competitive game for analysis. The number of headers and trauma events (falls, collisions, etc) was assessed from videotape recordings for each player. <br><br>RESULTS: Concentrations of both brain damage markers were increased after the game (S-100B, 0.18 (0.11) v 0.11 (0.05) microg/l (p = 0.000); NSE, 10.14 (1.74) v 9.05 (1.59) microg/l (p = 0.001)). There was a significant correlation between changes in S-100B concentrations and both the number of headers (r = 0.430, p = 0.004) and the number of other trauma events (r = 0.517, p < 0.001). <br><br>CONCLUSION: The concentrations of both S-100B and NSE were increased by game associated activities and events. The increases in S-100B concentration were significantly related to the number of headers and other trauma events, which indicates that both these factors may have contributed to these increases.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0306-3674",
doi="10.1136/bjsm.2005.021584",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2005.021584"
}