@article{ref1,
title="Does soccer ball heading cause retinal bleeding?",
journal="Archives of pediatrics and adolescent medicine",
year="2002",
author="Reed, William F. and Feldman, Kenneth W. and Weiss, Avery H. and Tencer, Alan F.",
volume="156",
number="4",
pages="337-340",
abstract="OBJECTIVES: To define forces of youth soccer ball heading (headers) and determine whether heading causes retinal hemorrhage. SETTING: Regional Children's Hospital, youth soccer camp. PATIENTS: Male and female soccer players, 13 to 16 years old, who regularly head soccer balls. MEASUREMENTS: Dilated retinal examination, after 2-week header diary, and accelerometer measurement of heading a lofted soccer ball. <br><br>RESULTS: Twenty-one youth soccer players, averaging 79 headers in the prior 2 weeks, and 3 players who did not submit header diaries lacked retinal hemorrhage. Thirty control subjects also lacked retinal hemorrhage. Seven subjects heading the ball experienced linear cranial accelerations of 3.7 +/- 1.3g. Rotational accelerations were negligible. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Headers, not associated with globe impact, are unlikely to cause retinal hemorrhage. Correctly executed headers did not cause significant rotational acceleration of the head, but incorrectly executed headers might.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1072-4710",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}