@article{ref1,
title="Rationality, culture, and structure in the making of suicide bombers: A preliminary theoretical synthesis and illustrative case study",
journal="Studies in conflict and terrorism",
year="2006",
author="Hafez, MM",
volume="29",
number="2",
pages="165-185",
abstract="Suicidal violence involves three levels of analysis: individual motivations, organizational strategies, and societal conflicts. Using rationalist, culturalist, and structuralist approaches to contentious politics, this article explores the intersection of rationality, norms, and conflict in the making of extreme violence. The case of Palestinian suicide bombers demonstrates the interdependence of the three approaches to explaining suicidal violence. For individuals, self-sacrifice is conceived as an act of personal redemption rooted in religious morality and national salvation. For organizations, human bombs provide strategic advantages in the context of asymmetrical warfare. For collectivities, martyrs are venerated when three conditions converge: (1) cultural norms encompass symbolic narratives that honor martyrdom; (2) legitimate authorities acquiesce to extreme violence; and (3) conflicts generate feelings of victimization and threat by external enemies.<p />",
language="en",
issn="1057-610X",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}