@article{ref1,
title="Epidemiology and management of spinal trauma in children and adolescents under 18 years old",
journal="World neurosurgery",
year="2018",
author="Joaquim, Andrei Fernandes and Valencia Carrasco, Manuel Jose and Pelegrini de Almeida, Leandro and Sfreddo, Ericson and Sanchez Chavez, Felix Adolfo and Guarise da Silva, Pedro and Righesso, Orlando and Falavigna, Asdrubal",
volume="110",
number="",
pages="e479-e483",
abstract="STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. <br><br>OBJECTIVE: Report the epidemiology, clinical aspects and management of spinal trauma in children and adolescents. <br><br>METHODS: Multicenter study of 215 cases of spinal trauma in individuals younger than 18 years of age. All patients were submitted to preoperative and postoperative radiological and clinical evaluation. The fractures were classified according to the AOSpine fracture classification. Neurological evaluation was performed using the Frankel Scale at admission to hospital and at the last follow-up. <br><br>RESULTS: Mean age was 14.7 (±2.5) years and most of the patients were male (72.6%). Falls were responsible for 52.6% of the spinal trauma. Compression fracture was the most common type of fracture, observed in 48.4% of the cases. The majority of the spinal fractures were located at the thoracic level (58.7%). Associated injuries were observed in 37.2% of the cases. The complication rates were 15.8%. Normal neurological examination was observed in 160 cases (74.4%) at the final follow-up. Neurological impairment was mostly observed due to shallow water diving, dislocation fractures types, and fractures located between lower cervical spinal and thoracic spine. Surgical treatment was performed in 73.8% of the cases. Better neurological outcome was observed in fractures due to falls, fractures located in the upper cervical (C1-C2) and lower lumbar spine injuries (L3-L5). <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Surgical treatment is often necessary in children and adolescents after spinal trauma. Higher incidence of spinal cord injury was observed after shallow water diving, fractures located in the lower cervical spinal and thoracic spine and type B and C fractures.<br><br>Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1878-8750",
doi="10.1016/j.wneu.2017.11.021",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2017.11.021"
}