@article{ref1,
title="Graduated driver licensing (GDL) in the United States in 2016: a literature review and commentary",
journal="Journal of safety research",
year="2017",
author="Williams, Allan F.",
volume="63",
number="",
pages="29-41",
abstract="This is the sixth in a series of reviews of research on graduated driver licensing (GDL) published in the Journal of Safety Research, the present review covering the period mid-2012 through 2016. In the two decades since GDL programs began to be introduced on a widespread basis in the United States, a vast amount of research has been published. The current review discusses recent research and the present state of knowledge on the following topics: characteristics of the novice driver population; effects of GDL on crashes for ages 16-19; the learner and intermediate periods; night and passenger restrictions; cellphone laws; GDL for older novices; enforcement of GDL rules; and programs attempting to influence GDL compliance and safe driving practices in general. GDL stands out as a successful policy for reducing teen driver crashes and is worth building on to extend its benefits. Strengthening existing GDL programs has the most potential for producing further crash reductions.<br><br>Copyright © 2017 National Safety Council and Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0022-4375",
doi="10.1016/j.jsr.2017.08.010",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2017.08.010"
}