@article{ref1,
title="Psychological factors and the development of chronic whiplash associated disorder(s): a systematic review",
journal="Clinical journal of pain",
year="2018",
author="Campbell, Letitia and Smith, Ashley and McGregor, Leanne and Sterling, Michele",
volume="34",
number="8",
pages="755-768",
abstract="OBJECTIVES: To assess which psychological factors are important in the development of chronic whiplash symptoms. <br><br>METHODS: Searches were conducted across PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus and PsychINFO up until March 2017. Studies were included if they investigated psychological prognostic factors in association with recovery from a whiplash injury. Studies also had to be prospective, cohort, follow-up or observational studies, have a 6 month follow up and published in English. Quality assessments were conducted by two independent reviewers. Thirty-one articles were included investigating 34 psychological factors. <br><br>RESULTS: Poor expectations of recovery, posttraumatic stress symptoms and passive coping emerged as the most consistent prognostic factors of chronic neck pain and/or disability after a whiplash injury. Anxiety, travel anxiety, depression, personality, pre-collision distress, general psychological distress and avoidance behaviour were not associated with chronic whiplash problems.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0749-8047",
doi="10.1097/AJP.0000000000000597",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0000000000000597"
}