@article{ref1,
title="Neuropsychological performance and subjective symptom reporting in military service members with a history of multiple concussions: comparison with a single concussion, posttraumatic stress disorder, and orthopedic trauma",
journal="Journal of head trauma rehabilitation",
year="2018",
author="Cooper, Douglas B. and Curtiss, Glenn and Armistead-Jehle, Patrick and Belanger, Heather G. and Tate, David F. and Reid, Matthew and Bowles, Amy O. and Velez, Carmen S. and Kennedy, Jan E. and Vanderploeg, Rodney D.",
volume="33",
number="2",
pages="81-90",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To examine differences in objective neurocognitive performance and subjective cognitive symptoms in individuals with a history of a single concussion, multiple concussions, orthopedic injuries, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). <br><br>METHOD: Participants included 116 military service members who sustained a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) during combat deployment. Subjects were subdivided into groups based on concussion frequency: a single concussion (n = 42), 2 concussions (n = 21), and 3 or more concussions (n = 53). Eighty-one subjects sustained an orthopedic injury (n = 60) during deployment or were diagnosed with PTSD (n = 21), but had no history of mTBI. Subjects completed a battery of neuropsychological tests and self-report measures of postconcussive symptoms, PTSD symptoms, and psychopathology. <br><br>RESULTS: No differences were found among the concussion groups on a composite neuropsychological measure. The PTSD group had the highest number of symptom complaints, with the 2-concussion and 3-plus-concussion groups being most similar to the PTSD group. The concussion groups showed a nonsignificant pattern of increasing distress with increasing number of concussions. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The current findings are consistent with meta-analytic results showing no differential effect on neuropsychological functioning due to multiple concussions. <br><br>RESULTS also support the burden of adversity hypothesis suggesting increasing symptom levels with increasing psychological or physically traumatic exposures.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0885-9701",
doi="10.1097/HTR.0000000000000375",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000375"
}