@article{ref1,
title="On critical densities and velocities for pedestrians entering a crowd",
journal="Transportation research procedia",
year="2014",
author="Löhner, Rainald and Haug, Eberhard",
volume="2",
number="",
pages="394-399",
abstract="The problem of pedestrians trying to enter and/or advance against an incoming crowd is studied. The analysis shows that starting with a very limited set of assumptions (elliptical cross-section of pedestrians; constant ratio of forward to lateral separation) one is able to derive from purely kinematic considerations critical densities beyond which it is impossible for pedestrians to enter and/or advance into an incoming crowd. The results obtained indicate that for the common pedestrian size of a = 0.5 m, b = 0.3 m, the limit densities range from ρ = O(5.0 - 6.06) [p/m2], in good agreement with empirical observations.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2352-1465",
doi="10.1016/j.trpro.2014.09.039",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2014.09.039"
}