@article{ref1,
title="The impact of weather, road surface, time-of-day, and light conditions on severity of bicycle-motor vehicle crash injuries",
journal="American journal of industrial medicine",
year="2018",
author="Asgarzadeh, Morteza and Fischer, Dorothee and Verma, Santosh K. and Courtney, Theodore K. and Christiani, David C.",
volume="61",
number="7",
pages="556-565",
abstract="BACKGROUND: This study examined whether environmental variables including weather, road surface, time-of-day, and light conditions were associated with the severity of injuries resulting from bicycle-motor vehicle crashes. <br><br>METHODS: Using log-binomial regressions, we analyzed 113 470 police reports collected between 2000 and 2014 in four U.S. states with environmental and injury severity information. &quot;Severe&quot; injuries included fatal and incapacitating injuries, and &quot;non-severe&quot; included non-incapacitating, possible or no-injuries. <br><br>RESULTS: Light condition was significantly associated with the injury severity to the bicyclist with more severe injuries at dawn (RR = 1.62 [95%CI 1.35-1.94]) and during darkness (both lighted and unlighted roads: 1.32 [1.24-1.40], respectively, 1.57 [1.41-1.76]) as compared to daylight. In these conditions of low visibility, risk was further increased during early morning hours before 7 am (1.61 [1.22-2.13]). <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Crashes in low light conditions and during early morning hours are more likely to result in higher injury severity.<br><br>© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0271-3586",
doi="10.1002/ajim.22849",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajim.22849"
}