@article{ref1,
title="The implications of cocaine use and associated behaviors on adverse CV outcomes among veterans: insights from the VA Clinical Assessment, Reporting, and Tracking (CART) program",
journal="Clinical cardiology",
year="2018",
author="Gunja, Ateka and Stanislawski, Maggie A. and Barón, Anna E. and Maddox, Thomas M. and Bradley, Steven M. and Vidovich, Mladen I.",
volume="41",
number="6",
pages="809-816",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Cocaine use has been associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease. It is unclear if this association is due to direct effects of cocaine or other factors. <br><br>METHODS: The Veterans Affairs cardiac catheterization database was used to identify Veterans undergoing coronary catheterization between 2007 and 2014. We analyzed association between cocaine use and 1-year all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), and cerebrovascular accident (CVA) among Veterans with obstructive CAD (N=122,035). To explore factors contributing to these associations, we sequentially adjusted for cardiac risk factors, risky behaviors, and clinical conditions directly affected by cocaine. <br><br>RESULTS: 3082 (2.5%) Veterans were cocaine users. Cocaine users were younger (median 58.2 vs. 65.3 years, p<0.001), more likely to be African American (58.9% vs. 10.6%, p<0.001), and had lower prevalence of traditional cardiac risk factors. After adjustment for cardiac risk factors, cocaine was associated with increased risk of mortality (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.08-1.39), MI (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.07-1.83), and CVA (HR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.38-2.57). With continued adjustment, the increased risk of CVA remained significantly associated with cocaine use, whereas the MI risk was mediated by risky behaviors and mortality was fully explained by conditions directly affected by cocaine. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Cocaine use is associated with adverse cardiac events in Veterans with CAD. Contributors to this association are multi-faceted and specific to individual CV outcomes, including associated risky behaviors and direct effects of cocaine. Effective intervention programs to reduce cardiac events in this population will require multiple components addressing these factors.<br><br>This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0160-9289",
doi="10.1002/clc.22961",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clc.22961"
}