@article{ref1,
title="Expressed emotion, shame, and non-suicidal self-injury",
journal="International journal of environmental research and public health",
year="2018",
author="Hack, Jessica and Martin, Graham",
volume="15",
number="5",
pages="e15050890-e15050890",
abstract="A cross-sectional study examining relationships between perceived family Expressed Emotion and shame, emotional involvement, depression, anxiety, stress and non-suicidal self-injury, in 264 community and online adults (21.6% male). We compared self-injurers with non-self-injurers, and current with past self-injurers. Self-injurers experienced more family Expressed Emotion (EE) than non-injurers (<i>t</i>(254) = −3.24, <i>p</i> = 0.001), linear contrasts explaining 6% of between-groups variability (<i>F</i>(2, 254) = 7.36, <i>p</i> = 0.001, η² = 0.06). Differences in EE between current and past self-injurers were not significant. Overall shame accounted for 33% of between-groups variance (<i>F</i>(2, 252) = 61.99, <i>p</i> < 0.001, η² = 0.33), with linear contrasts indicating self-injurers experienced higher levels compared to non-injurers (<i>t</i>(252) = −8.23, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Current self-injurers reported higher overall shame than past self-injurers (<i>t</i>(252) = 6.78, <i>p</i> < 0.001). In further logistic regression, emotional involvement and overall shame were the only significant predictors of self-injury status. With every one-unit increase in emotional involvement, odds of currently engaging in self-injury decreased by a factor of 0.860. Conversely, a one-unit increase in overall shame was associated with an increase in the odds of being a current self-injurer by a factor of 1.05. The findings have important treatment implications for engaging key family members in intervention and prevention efforts.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1661-7827",
doi="10.3390/ijerph15050890",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050890"
}