@article{ref1,
title="Risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament injury in competitive adolescent alpine skiers",
journal="Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine",
year="2018",
author="Westin, Maria and Harringe, Marita L. and Engström, Björn and Alricsson, Marie and Werner, Suzanne",
volume="6",
number="4",
pages="e2325967118766830-e2325967118766830",
abstract="BACKGROUND: There is a high risk for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in alpine skiers. To reduce or try to prevent these injuries, intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors need to be identified. <br><br>PURPOSE: To identify possible intrinsic and extrinsic ACL injury risk factors among competitive adolescent alpine skiers. STUDY DESIGN: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. <br><br>METHODS: Between 2006 and 2009, a cohort of 339 alpine ski students (176 male, 163 female) from Swedish ski high schools were prospectively observed in terms of ACL injuries. First-time ACL injuries were recorded. In September, prior to each ski season, the skiers were clinically examined according to a specific knee protocol. <br><br>RESULTS: Overall, 11 male and 14 female skiers sustained a total of 25 first-episode ACL injuries. The majority of injuries occurred in the left knee (<i>P</i> <.05). Skiers who had participated in alpine skiing for >13 years (hazard ratio, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.68-1.00; <i>P</i> <.05) had a reduced risk of sustaining an ACL injury. Eighteen ACL injuries occurred during training, 12 in the technical discipline of giant slalom, and 8 in slalom. Fourteen skiers reported not to be fatigued at all at the time of injury, and 8 skiers reported that they were somewhat fatigued. <br><br>CONCLUSION: ACL injuries occurred more often in the left knee than the right. This should be taken into consideration in the design of ACL injury prevention programs. Those who reported a higher number of active years in alpine skiing showed a reduced risk of sustaining an ACL injury. No other factor among those studied could be identified as an independent risk factor for ACL injury.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2325-9671",
doi="10.1177/2325967118766830",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118766830"
}