@article{ref1,
title="Comparison of head impact exposure between male and female high school ice hockey athletes",
journal="American journal of sports medicine",
year="2018",
author="Eckner, James T. and O'Connor, Kathryn L. and Broglio, Steven P. and Ashton-Miller, James A.",
volume="46",
number="9",
pages="2253-2262",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Concussion incidence rates are higher among female than male athletes in sports played by both sexes. Biomechanical factors may play a role in observed sex-based differences in concussion incidence. <br><br>PURPOSE: To compare head impact counts and magnitudes during sports participation between male and female high school ice hockey athletes. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. <br><br>METHODS: Over 2 seasons, a total of 21 male and 19 female ice hockey athletes from a single high school were instrumented with impact-sensing adhesive skin patches worn over the mastoid process while participating in games and practices. The impact sensors recorded the number, magnitude (peak linear acceleration [PLA, g] and peak angular acceleration [PAA, rad/s<sup>2</sup>] of the head; Head Impact Telemetry severity profile [HITsp]), and location of impacts sustained during each instrumented session. Head impact counts, magnitudes, and locations were compared between the sexes. <br><br>RESULTS: Males experienced more head impacts than females during games (mean ± SD: 7.7 ± 3.0 vs 5.3 ± 2.0, P <.001) as well as practices (4.3 ± 1.6 vs 3.8 ± 1.1, P =.002). Mean impact magnitudes were greater for females for PLA (18.8 g ± 1.7 g vs 17.1 g ± 1.6 g, P <.001) and HITsp (19.7 ± 1.5 vs 17.7 ± 1.4, P <.001), while mean PAA was greater for males (3057.6 ± 2.0 rad/s<sup>2</sup> vs 2778.3 ± 2.7 rad/s<sup>2</sup>, P <.001). Female athletes experienced higher PLA, PAA, and HITsp magnitudes for the top 10%, 5%, and 1% of impacts (all P <.050). Males experienced more impacts to the front (34.3%) and back (31.7%) of the head, while females experienced more impacts to the side (43.1%) and top (4.1%) (χ<sup>2</sup> = 295.70, df = 3, P <.001). <br><br>CONCLUSION: While male high school ice hockey athletes experienced more head impacts than females, impact magnitudes tended to be higher for females.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0363-5465",
doi="10.1177/0363546518777244",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546518777244"
}