@article{ref1,
title="Embrittlement of welded joints of tram rails in city environments",
journal="Engineering failure analysis",
year="2018",
author="Kawiak, M. and Balitskii, A.",
volume="85",
number="",
pages="97-103",
abstract="This paper concerns the issue of cracking of thermite-welded tram rails. The work presents cases of rail cracking revealed directly after welding or after a short period of track operation. The results of static strength tests, resistance to brittle cracking tests, microstructure and chemical composition examinations of a rail that cracked after thermite welding are discussed. It is emphasised that the main cause of occurrence of cracks in the area of rail web is thermal (welding) stresses. Non-metallic inclusions, the presence of hydrogen in the rail and the influence of an active environment were pointed out as factors conducive to the occurrence of brittle cracks.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1350-6307",
doi="10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.12.011",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.12.011"
}