@article{ref1,
title="Training pilots for unexpected events: a simulator study on the advantage of unpredictable and variable scenarios",
journal="Human factors",
year="2018",
author="Landman, Annemarie and van Oorschot, Peter and van Paassen, M. M. René and Groen, Eric L. and Bronkhorst, Adelbert W. and Mulder, Max",
volume="60",
number="6",
pages="793-805",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: This study tested whether simulator-based training of pilot responses to unexpected or novel events can be improved by including unpredictability and variability in training scenarios. <br><br>BACKGROUND: Current regulations allow for highly predictable and invariable training, which may not be sufficient to prepare pilots for unexpected or novel situations in-flight. Training for surprise will become mandatory in the near future. <br><br>METHOD: Using an aircraft model largely unfamiliar to the participants, one group of 10 pilots (the unpredictable and variable [U/V] group) practiced responses to controllability issues in a relatively U/V manner. A control group of another 10 pilots practiced the same failures in a highly predictable and invariable manner. After the practice, performance of all pilots was tested in a surprise scenario, in which the pilots had to apply the learned knowledge. To control for surprise habituation and familiarization with the controls, two control tests were included. <br><br>RESULTS: Whereas the U/V group required more time than the control group to identify failures during the practice, the results indicated superior understanding and performance in the U/V group as compared to the control group in the surprise test. There were no significant differences between the groups in surprise or performance in the control tests. <br><br>CONCLUSION: Given the results, we conclude that organizing pilot training in a more U/V way improves transfer of training to unexpected situations in-flight. APPLICATION: The outcomes suggest that the inclusion of U/V simulator training scenarios is important when training pilots for unexpected situations.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0018-7208",
doi="10.1177/0018720818779928",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720818779928"
}