@article{ref1,
title="Effect of a positive photo appreciation program on depressive mood in older adults: a pilot randomized controlled trial",
journal="International journal of environmental research and public health",
year="2018",
author="Ishihara, Masumi and Saito, Tami and Sakurai, Takashi and Shimada, Hiroyuki and Arai, Hidenori",
volume="15",
number="7",
pages="e15071472-e15071472",
abstract="Safer and more effective programs are required to cope with an increasing number of older people with depression. Hence, we developed the Positive Photo Appreciation (PPA) program. A three-month pilot randomized controlled trial was conducted with healthy Japanese individuals aged 65⁻84 years, assigned to a PPA group (<i>n</i> = 28) or Photo Correspondence Education (PCE) (control group) (<i>n</i> = 27). We used the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) score as the primary outcome measure. Secondary outcome measures, among others, were cognitive function and positive emotion. Data collected at baseline and post-intervention were analyzed using a linear mixed-effect model. Over 80% of the participants in the PPA group completed and were satisfied with the program. Compared with the PCE group, the CES-D score in the PPA group significantly improved (main effect of group: <i>t</i> = -4.30, <i>p</i> < 0.001; interaction effect of group by time: <i>t</i> = 4.39, <i>p</i> < 0.001), with an effect size of <i>d</i> = 1.23. Additionally, a positive significant interaction effect of group by time was found in the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (<i>t</i> = -2.33, <i>p</i> = 0.024). The PPA program might be promising for mitigating depressive mood in older adults.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1661-7827",
doi="10.3390/ijerph15071472",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071472"
}