@article{ref1,
title="The extent and cost of corruption in transport infrastructure. New evidence from Europe",
journal="Transportation research part A: policy and practice",
year="2018",
author="Fazekas, Mihaly and Tóth, Bence",
volume="113",
number="",
pages="35-54",
abstract="Transport infrastructure provision from roads to waterways involves large amounts of public funds in very complex projects. It is hardly a surprise that all across Europe, but especially in high corruption risk countries, it is a primary target of corrupt elites. This article provides a state-of-the-art review of the literature on the cost of corruption and estimates the level of corruption risks and associated costs in European infrastructure development and maintenance in 2009-2014 using novel data on over 40,000 government contracts. Two forms of corruption costs are investigated in the empirical section: (1) distorting spending structure and project design, and (2) inflating prices. <br><br>FINDINGS indicate that corruption steers infrastructure spending towards high value as opposed to small value investment projects. It also inflates prices by 30-35% on average with largest excesses in high corruption risk regions. Contrary to perceptions, corruption risks in infrastructure are decoupled to a considerable extent from the national corruption environment. Source data and risk scores are made downloadable at digiwhist.eu/resources/data.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0965-8564",
doi="10.1016/j.tra.2018.03.021",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.03.021"
}