@article{ref1,
title="Effects of low-level inhalation exposure to carbon dioxide in indoor environments: a short review on human health and psychomotor performance",
journal="Environment international",
year="2018",
author="Azuma, Kenichi and Kagi, Naoki and Yanagi, U. and Osawa, Haruki",
volume="121",
number="Pt 1",
pages="51-56",
abstract="Scientific literature and documents pertaining to the effects of inhalation exposure to carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) on human health and psychomotor performance were reviewed. Linear physiological changes in circulatory, cardiovascular, and autonomic systems on exposure to CO<sub>2</sub> at concentrations ranging from 500 to 5000 ppm were evident. Human experimental studies have suggested that short-term CO<sub>2</sub> exposure beginning at 1000 ppm affects cognitive performances including decision making and problem resolution. Changes in autonomic systems due to low-level exposure to CO<sub>2</sub> may involve these effects. Further research on the long-term effects of low-level CO<sub>2</sub> exposure on the autonomic system is required. Numerous epidemiological studies indicate an association between low-level exposure to CO<sub>2</sub> beginning at 700 ppm and building-related symptoms. Respiratory symptoms have been indicated in children exposed to indoor CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations higher than 1000 ppm. However, other indoor comorbid pollutants are possibly involved in such effects. In the context of significant linear increase of globally ambient CO<sub>2</sub> concentration caused by anthropogenic activities and sources, reducing indoor CO<sub>2</sub> levels by ventilation with ambient air represents an increase in energy consumption in an air-conditioned building. For the efficient energy control of CO<sub>2</sub> intruding a building from ambient air, the rise of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration needs to be urgently suppressed.<br><br>Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0160-4120",
doi="10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.059",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.059"
}