@article{ref1,
title="Early life stress and trauma: developmental neuroendocrine aspects of prolonged stress system dysregulation",
journal="Hormones : international journal of endocrinology and metabolism",
year="2018",
author="Agorastos, Agorastos and Pervanidou, Panagiota and Chrousos, George P. and Kolaitis, Gerasimos",
volume="17",
number="4",
pages="507-520",
abstract="Experience of early life stress (ELS) and trauma is highly prevalent in the general population and has a high public health impact, as it can trigger a health-related risk cascade and lead to impaired homeostatic balance and elevated cacostatic load even decades later. The prolonged neuropsychobiological impact of ELS can, thus, be conceptualized as a common developmental risk factor for disease associated with increased physical and mental morbidity in later life. ELS during critical periods of brain development with elevated neuroplasticity could exert a programming effect on particular neuronal networks related to the stress response and lead to enduring neuroendocrine alterations, i.e., hyper- or hypoactivation of the stress system, associated with adult hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and glucocorticoid signaling dysregulation. This paper reviews the pathophysiology of the human stress response and provides evidence from human research on the most acknowledged stress axis-related neuroendocrine pathways exerting the enduring adverse effects of ELS and mediating the cumulative long-term risk of disease vulnerability in adulthood.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1109-3099",
doi="10.1007/s42000-018-0065-x",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42000-018-0065-x"
}