@article{ref1,
title="A comparison of cognitive performance in bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, unaffected first-degree relatives, and healthy controls",
journal="Psychiatry and the Clinical Neurosciences",
year="2019",
author="Bo, Qijing and Dong, Fang and Li, Xianbin and Li, Feng and Li, Peng and Yu, Haiting and He, Fan and Zhang, Guofu and Wang, Zhimin and Ma, Xin and Wang, Chuanyue",
volume="73",
number="2",
pages="70-76",
abstract="AIM: The extent and specifics regarding cognitive dysfunction in patients with bipolar disorder (BD) or major depressive disorder (MDD) and their unaffected first-degree relatives (FDRs) has not been addressed in any single study. The present study compared the cognitive function of patients with BD or MDD, their FDRs, and healthy control (HC) individuals. <br><br>METHOD: The study population comprised adults (aged 18-55 y) with BD; adults with MDD; FDRs (children or siblings of patients with BD or MDD); and HCs (n = 109, 105, 85, and 95, respectively). The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status was used to assess neurocognitive functions, with 5 domains and 12 tests. A Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale brief form was applied to evaluate intelligence quotient (IQ). Status of mood was assessed using the Young Mania Rating Scale, Hamilton Depression Scale. <br><br>RESULTS: The mixed model indicated significant variation among the 4 groups in cognitive function: cognitive impairments, compared to HC, progressively greater from least to most were: FDR, MDD, and BD (F = 32.74, P < 0.001). Years of education correlated with cognitive performance (F = 17.04, P < 0.001), as did IQ (F = 240.63, P < 0.001). The total Hamilton rating scale for depression negatively correlated with cognitive function (F = 5.78, P = 0.017). <br><br>CONCLUSION: Among the study groups, patients with BD had the most severe deficits, and then MDD patients and FDRs. Cognitive deficits could not be associated with a specific psychiatric disorder, but differences in degree were noted. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.<br><br>This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1323-1316",
doi="10.1111/pcn.12797",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12797"
}