@article{ref1,
title="Disruption of function: neurophysiological markers of cognitive deficits in retired football players",
journal="Clinical neurophysiology",
year="2018",
author="Ruiter, Kyle I. and Boshra, Rober and Doughty, Mitchell and Noseworthy, Michael and Connolly, John F.",
volume="130",
number="1",
pages="111-121",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: Recent studies demonstrate that sports-related concussions can have negative consequences on long-term brain health. The goal of the present study was to determine whether retired Canadian Football League (CFL) athletes with a history of concussions exhibit alterations in neurocognitive functioning, along with changes in physical, social, and psychological health. <br><br>METHODS: Our study compared nineteen retired CFL athletes' concussion histories to eighteen healthy age-matched controls with no history of concussion. Self-report inventories were used to assess depression, memory, attention, and general health. Neurophysiological markers of cognitive function were evaluated with event-related brain potentials (ERPs) as measured in two protocols: (1) A Mismatch Negativity (MMN) protocol for assessing the automatic early attentional brain mechanism; and, (2) a P300 auditory oddball task for assessing consciously controlled attention. <br><br>RESULTS: Relative to controls, CFL players exhibited: response delays and reduced amplitudes in neurophysiological responses; overall decreases in cognitive function; and poorer scores on self-reports of physical, social, and psychological health; reflecting problems in all three categories. <br><br>CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that multiple concussions sustained over several years can lead to altered cognitive and psychosocial function. SIGNIFICANCE: Neurophysiological markers of conscious and pre-conscious attention provide an objective assessment for evaluating long-term cognitive consequences of concussion.<br><br>Copyright © 2018 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1388-2457",
doi="10.1016/j.clinph.2018.10.013",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2018.10.013"
}