@article{ref1,
title="Applied force during prone restraint: is officer weight a factor?",
journal="American journal of forensic medicine and pathology",
year="2019",
author="Kroll, Mark W. and Brave, Michael A. and Kleist, Scott R. and Ritter, Mollie B. and Ross, Darrell L. and Karch, Steven B.",
volume="40",
number="1",
pages="1-7",
abstract="INTRODUCTION: It has been suggested that law enforcement officer (LEO) weight on the backs of prone subjects may cause asphyxia. <br><br>METHODS: Law enforcement officers used their agency-trained &quot;local&quot; single- and double-knee techniques, the &quot;Wisconsin&quot; 3-Point Ground Stabilization, and the Human Factor Research Group Inc single-knee tactical handcuffing techniques, and the weight force was measured. <br><br>RESULTS: Forty-one LEOs (36 men, 5 women) participated, aged 38.4 ± 8.3 years, and weighing 96.2 ± 19.4 kg. The double-knee technique transmitted more weight than single knee (P < 0.0001). Wisconsin technique force was lower than other single-knee techniques (P < 0.0001). Double-knee weight was 23.3 kg plus 24% of LEO's body weight. Mean values for local and Human Factor Research Group Inc single-knee were 30.9 and 32.9 kg, respectively. The Wisconsin single knee weight force was given by 15.4 kg plus 9.5 kg for a male. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: A double-knee technique applies more weight force than single-knee techniques. The Wisconsin single-knee technique provides the least weight force of single-knee techniques. Law enforcement officer body weight is irrelevant to prone-force weight with single-knee techniques. With double-knee restraint, it has a modest influence. Our data do not support the hypothesis of restraint asphyxia.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0195-7910",
doi="10.1097/PAF.0000000000000457",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PAF.0000000000000457"
}