@article{ref1,
title="Decreased serum total cholesterol is associated with a history of childhood physical violence in depressed outpatients",
journal="Psychiatry research",
year="2018",
author="Kraav, Siiri-Liisi and Tolmunen, Tommi and Kärkkäinen, Olli and Ruusunen, Anu and Viinamaki, Heimo and Mäntyselkä, Pekka and Koivumaa-Honkanen, Heli and Valkonen-Korhonen, Minna and Honkalampi, Kirsi and Herzig, Karl-Heinz and Lehto, Soili M.",
volume="272",
number="",
pages="326-333",
abstract="Associations between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and cholesterol in depressed patients are unclear. Therefore, we compared 78 adult outpatients with major depressive disorder (MDD) with (n = 24) or without (n = 54) experiences of physical violence in childhood. Background data were collected with questionnaires, and total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured from fasting blood samples. Patients with a history of childhood physical violence had lower levels of TC than the control group. No differences were observed in HDL-C, LDL-C, or low-grade inflammation levels between the two groups. In multivariate models, decreased levels of TC were associated with childhood physical violence, and these associations remained significant after adjustments for age, gender, lifestyle, metabolic condition, socioeconomic situation, psychiatric status, suicidality, low-grade inflammation, the chronicity of depression, medications used and somatic diseases. At the 8-month follow-up, the results were essentially the same when the Trauma and Distress Scale (TADS) was used as the measure of ACEs. The specific mechanisms underlying cholesterol alterations associated with ACEs are a topic for future studies. Better understanding of these mechanisms might lead to possible new interventions in the prevention of adverse health effects resulting from ACEs.<br><br>Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0165-1781",
doi="10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.108",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.108"
}