@article{ref1,
title="Pipeline response to undermining at excavation crossings",
journal="Transportation research record",
year="1993",
author="Stewart, Harry E. and O'Rourke, Thomas D.",
volume="1415",
number="",
pages="12-21",
abstract="A series of field tests was conducted to investigate the response of cast-iron pipelines subjected to cross-trench construction and to identify conditions that might lead to brittle failure. Static strains were measured for various trench widths, backfill conditions, and both static and dynamic construction vehicle loadings. Tests also were conducted to evaluate the increases in rolling wheel loads that would be caused by surface irregularities. Design recommendations for maximum excavation width and a limiting pipeline strain of 500 microstrain are presented. The recommendations consider the static response of the pipe during backfill and construction vehicle loadings as well as the dynamic response following restoration of the roadway. Design recommendations for maximum allowable trench widths are given for 102-, 152-, and 203-mm diameter cast-iron pipelines that have depths of burial from 0.6 to 1.5 m.       Record URL:         http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1993/1415/1415-002.pdf  Keywords: Pipeline transportation<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0361-1981",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}