@article{ref1,
title="ADHD and depressive symptoms in adolescents: the role of community violence exposure",
journal="Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology",
year="2019",
author="Stickley, Andrew and Koposov, Roman and Koyanagi, Ai and Inoue, Yosuke and Ruchkin, Vladislav",
volume="54",
number="6",
pages="683-691",
abstract="PURPOSE: Comorbid depression is common in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). As yet, however, little is known about the factors associated with co-occurring depression in this population. To address this research gap, the current study examined the role of community violence exposure in the association between ADHD symptoms and depression. <br><br>METHODS: Data came from 505 Russian adolescents [mean age 14.37 (SD = 0.96)] who had teacher-reported information on ADHD symptoms that was collected in conjunction with the Social and Health Assessment (SAHA). Adolescent self-reports of witnessing and being a victim of community violence were also obtained while depressive symptoms were self-assessed with an adapted version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D). Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine associations. <br><br>RESULTS: In univariable analyses, both witnessing and being a victim of violence were associated with significantly increased odds for depressive symptoms in adolescents with ADHD symptoms compared to non-ADHD adolescents who had not experienced community violence. However, in the multivariable analysis only being a victim of violence continued to be associated with significantly increased odds for depression [odds ratio (OR) 4.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.33-16.35]. <br><br>CONCLUSION: Exposure to community violence may be associated with depression in adolescents with ADHD symptoms. Clinicians should enquire about exposure to community violence in adolescents with ADHD/ADHD symptoms. Early therapeutic interventions to address the effects of violence exposure in adolescents with ADHD may be beneficial for preventing depression in this group.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0933-7954",
doi="10.1007/s00127-019-01662-5",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01662-5"
}