@article{ref1,
title="Operational comparison of leading and lagging left turns",
journal="Transportation research record",
year="1993",
author="Lee, Jim C. and Wortman, Robert H. and Hook, David J.P. and Poppe, Mark J.",
volume="1421",
number="",
pages="1-10",
abstract="Field studies were conducted in the Phoenix and Tucson metropolitan areas for the purpose of comparing the operational differences between leading and lagging left-turn signal phases. Delay studies were conducted in both areas at isolated intersections, and the influence on signal system progression was evaluated at three locations in the Phoenix area. In both areas, the lagging left-turn phases do not utilize overlaps even though phase overlaps were used with the leading left-turn operations. Intersections with protected-only as well as protected-plus-permissive left turns were included. The study involved a before-and-after analysis of the intersection as well as arterial operations. For the individual intersections, the field studies found that the intersection delay is significantly greater with the lagging left-turn operation. This finding was true for both of the metropolitan areas. In terms of the signal system progression, no significant differences were found in progression among the leading, lagging, and mixed operations.     Record URL:        http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1993/1421/1421-001.pdf<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0361-1981",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}