@article{ref1,
title="Psychogenic tremor and related disorders",
journal="Journal of neurology",
year="2007",
author="Schneider, Susanne A. and Bhatia, Kailash P.",
volume="254",
number="5",
pages="569-574",
abstract="Psychogenic tremor is the most common form (55%) of all psychogenic movement disorders. Almost 75% of presenting patients are female. Onset is often abrupt. Preceding events include work related injuries and other accidents. Important clinical characteristic include variability of direction, amplitude and frequency. A positive entrainment test, presence of the co-contraction sign, absence of finger tremor and slowness of voluntary movements are suggestive of psychogenic origin. Co-morbidity with psychiatric disorders is common and includes somatoform disorders (35%), such as pain, diffuse sensory loss, conversion disorders and depression (14%). One fifth (21%) of patients are involved in litigation or compensation issues. Diagnosis is based on history, clinical signs and investigations. A multimodal approach including neuropsychiatric evaluation and psychotherapy should be offered. Prognosis, however, is relatively poor particularly if the condition has persisted for over a year and in the long-term up to 80-90% of patients continue to have abnormal movements.  <p></p>  <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0340-5354",
doi="10.1007/s00415-006-0348-z",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00415-006-0348-z"
}