@article{ref1,
title="Invisible empire of hate: gender differences in the Ku Klux Klan's online justifications for violence",
journal="Violence and gender",
year="2018",
author="Cohen, Shuki J. and Holt, Thomas J. and Chermak, Steven M. and Freilich, Joshua D.",
volume="5",
number="4",
pages="209-225",
abstract="This article presents a systematic linguistic approach to mapping gender differences in the formulation and practice of right-wing ideology. We conducted a set of content- and text-analytical analyses on a 52,760 words corpus from a female-only subforum, dubbed LOTIES (Ladies of the Invisible Empire), compared with a matching corpus of 1.793 million words from a male-only subforum of the Ku Klux Klan's primary website. Using a combination of computational and noncomputational linguistic methods, we show that the wholesome and avowedly prosocial discourse of the female forum is a gateway to Klan activity and, ultimately, to the Klan's ideology through a fear-based &quot;all means are necessary&quot; mindset and violent sentiments. The findings also suggest that the female forum's porousness and emphasis on inclusion and homogeneity may have facilitated the spontaneous &quot;mutation&quot; of the traditional KKK ideology into a generic Far-Right ideology that enjoys broad consensus. Rhetorically, this generic right-wing ideology downplays overt racial and violent elements and eschews theological controversies by relating to Christianity instrumentally as a cultural heritage rather than a religion in the metaphysical sense of the word.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2326-7836",
doi="10.1089/vio.2017.0072",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vio.2017.0072"
}