@article{ref1,
title="Intra- and extra-familial adverse childhood experiences and a history of childhood psychosomatic disorders among Japanese university students",
journal="Biopsychosocial medicine",
year="2007",
author="Masuda, Akiko and Yamanaka, T. and Hirakawa, Tadatoshi and Koga, Y. and Minomo, Ryosuke and Munemoto, Takao and Tei, Chuwa",
volume="1",
number="1",
pages="9-9",
abstract="ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Japan has been witnessing a considerable increase in the number of children with psychosomatic disorders. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the risk of psychosomatic disorder in adolescents and intra- or extra-familial adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of 1592 Japanese university students (52% male, mean age 19.9 years) who completed a survey about intra- or extra-familial ACEs and the incidence of childhood psychosomatic disorders. Intra-familial ACEs included domestic violence, physical violence, emotional abuse, illness in household, parental divorce, no parental affection, and dysfunctional family. Extra-familial ACEs included physical violence or negative recognition by teachers, being bullied in elementary or junior high school, or sexual violence. RESULTS: The frequency of psychosomatic disorders among the respondents was 14.8%. Among the 7 intra-familial ACEs, emotional abuse (relative risk, RR = 1.9) and illness in household (RR = 1.7) increased the risk of psychosomatic disorders. Estimates of the relative risk for the 5 extra-familial ACEs were statistically significant and ranged from 1.5 for being bullied in elementary school or physical violence from teachers to 2.4. Students who had 3 or more intra-familial ACEs and 2 or more extra-familial ACEs had a 3.0 relative risk for psychosomatic disorder. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that intra- or extra-familial ACEs are associated with the development of psychosomatic disorders. Therefore, sufficient evaluation of ACEs should be performed in adolescent patients with psychosomatic disorder.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1751-0759",
doi="10.1186/1751-0759-1-9",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1751-0759-1-9"
}