@article{ref1,
title="Marine toxins and nephrotoxicity: mechanism of injury",
journal="Toxicon: Journal of the International Society on Toxinology",
year="2019",
author="Sitprija, Visith and Sitprija, Siravit",
volume="161",
number="",
pages="44-49",
abstract="Marine toxins are known among several causes of toxin induced renal injury. Enzymatic mechanism by phospholipase A<sub>2</sub> is responsible for acute kidney injury (AKI) in sea snake envenoming without any change in cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance. Cnidarian toxins form pores in the cell membrane with Ca influx storm resulting in cell death. Among plankton toxins domoic acid, palytoxin and maitotoxin cause renal injury by ion transport into the cell through ion channels resulting in renal cell swelling and lysis. Okadaic acid, calyculin A, microcystin LR and nodularin cause AKI by serine threonine phosphatase inhibition and hyperphosphorylation with increased activity of Ca<sup>2+</sup>/calmodulin - dependent protein kinase II, increased cytosolic Ca<sup>2+</sup>, reactive oxygen species, caspase and P53. Renal injury by plankons is mostly subclinical and requires sensitive biomarker for diagnosis. In this respect repeated consumption of plankton toxin contaminated seafood is a risk of developing chronic renal disease. The subject deserves more clinical study and scientific attention.<br><br>Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Ltd.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0041-0101",
doi="10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.02.012",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.02.012"
}