@article{ref1,
title="Null effects of game violence, game difficulty, and 2D:4D digit ratio on aggressive behavior",
journal="Psychological science",
year="2019",
author="Hilgard, Joseph and Engelhardt, Christopher R. and Rouder, Jeffrey N. and Segert, Ines L. and Bartholow, Bruce D.",
volume="30",
number="4",
pages="606-616",
abstract="Researchers have suggested that acute exposure to violent video games is a cause of aggressive behavior. We tested this hypothesis by using violent and nonviolent games that were closely matched, collecting a large sample, and using a single outcome. We randomly assigned 275 male undergraduates to play a first-person-shooter game modified to be either violent or less violent and hard or easy. After completing the game-play session, participants were provoked by a confederate and given an opportunity to behave aggressively. Neither game violence nor game difficulty predicted aggressive behavior. Incidentally, we found that 2D:4D digit ratio, thought to index prenatal testosterone exposure, did not predict aggressive behavior. <br><br>RESULTS do not support acute violent-game exposure and low 2D:4D ratio as causes of aggressive behavior.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0956-7976",
doi="10.1177/0956797619829688",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797619829688"
}